CLASS 10TH S.S.T (5) MARKS QUESTIONS sure shot

– Need

– Technology accessible

– Culturally acceptable

– Economically feasible

 

 

 

The statement says that irrespective of any region the consequences of environmental degradation spread not only to the area where it is degradation happens but also to the near lying areas and also at the world at large. Therefore, safeguarding the environment is an important issue not only for any particular region but for the whole world.

 

Different forms of power sharing in modern democracies:

Horizontal division of power: It is the sharing of power among the different organs of government. The division of government into the executive, the legislature and the judiciary is an example of horizontal division of power.In such a power sharing arrangement, different organs of government, placed at the same level, exercise different powers. This separation of powers ensures that no organ exercises unlimited power. Each organ checks the others, thereby putting in place a system of checks and balances.The division of power between the Council of Ministers headed by the Indian Prime Minister, the Parliament of India and the Indian Supreme Court is an example ofthis kind of power sharing.

Vertical division of power: It is the sharing of power among governments at different levels — a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. For example, in India, the Constitution defines the way power is to be sharedbetweenthe Central or Union government and the various State governments. There are certain matters on which only the Central government can take decisions, while there are others on which onlyan individual state government has an exclusive right for decision making.

 Division of power among social groups: Power can also be shared among different groups which differ socially. The system of ‘community government’ in Belgium is an example of this type of power division. This government is elected by people belonging to one language community (Dutch, French and German-speaking), and has the power to take decisions regarding cultural, educational and language-related issues.

 The system of reserved constituencies in India is another example.

Division of power between political parties, pressure groups and movements: Political parties are the organisations which aim to control power by contesting elections. In a democracy, citizens have the freedom to choose among the various contenders for power (the different political parties or the different alliances comprising political parties). Such a freedom of choice entails competition among the different parties, which in turn ensures that power does notremain in one hand, and is shared among different political parties representing different ideologies and social groups.

 Pressure groups and movements also share governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or by influencing the decision-making process.

 

Due to indiscriminate use of resouces people suffer from ecological crises such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.

 

Working Conditions: What are the working hours, would you be able to work in those working hours?

How the work environment is: are the co-workers friendly?

What is the compensation: are you satisfied with the salary, they are offering?

Future growth: what are the chances of growth and opportunities?

Location: is the location of the office suiting you?

• The politicians in our country have devised an easy way of garnering votes but appeasing certain sections of the society. People from different castes are now referred to as vote banks.
• Caste is a sensitive issue in our country and arousing emotions in people because of castes is easy.
• Caste based politics has now become more popular than development based politics. 

 

The two main human activities which are responsible for soil erosion are deforestation and unscientific farming techniques for agriculture. 
The types of soil erosions mostly observed in India are sheet, gully and rill erosion.

Disadvantages of Multi-purpose projects are as follows:

• construction of mega dams like this in forest areas would lead to displacement of various tribals
• large hydroelectric dams release methane into the atmosphere because trees and other plants settle to the bottom when the reservoir is first flooded
• deprive thousands of people of their livelihood
• forest lands lost
• migratory fishes affected

A variety of steps were taken to clean up London. Attempts were made to decongest  localities, green the open spaces, reduce pollution and landscape the city.

ii.Large blocks of apartments were built, similar to those in Berlin and New York – cities  which had similar housing problems.

iii.Rent control was introduced in Britain during the First World War to ease the impact of  a severe housing shortage. The congestion in the nineteenth-century industrial city also led to a desire for clean country air.

iv.Demands were made for new ‘lungs’ for the city, and some attempts were made to  bridge the difference between city and countryside through such ideas as the Green Belt around London.

v. Architect and planner Ebenezer Howard developed the principle of the Garden City, a  pleasant space full of plants and trees, where people would both live and work

The employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised sectors are vastly different. The organised sector has companies registered with the government and hence, it offers job security, paid holidays, pensions, health and other benefits, fixed working hours and extra pay for overtime work. On the other hand, the unorganised sector is a host of opposites. There is no job security, no paid holidays or pensions on retirement, no benefits of provident fund or health insurance, unfixed working hours and no guarantee of safe work environment.

A form of politics which emphasizes the segregation of religious or ethnic communities on the basis of their identity. It advocates polarization of society and strives to assert the supremacy of one community (usually majority) over all others by highlighting its interests as paramount.

Gram Sabha makes the Gram Panchayat play its role and responsibility. It is a place where all plans for the work of the Gram Panchayat are placed before the people. Gram Sabha prevents the panchayats from doing wrong things like misusing money on favouring certain people. It plays an important role in keeping an eye on the elected representatives. The construction and maintenance of water sources,road,drainage,school building and other common sources. Levying and collection of local taxes. Executing Governmental schemes related to generation of employment in the village.

• The need of the hour is to conserve and manage water because although the total composition of water on earth is almost 70 per cent but fresh water reserves are only 2 per cent. Hence, in the present scenario of increasing rate of population, the resources in order to be equitably distributed, should be managed and preserved. we need water for the following reasons:
  • to survive
  • irrigation
  • industrial production
  • maintain the balance in nature
• Some methods that be used to conserve water are as follows:
  • In hill and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas for agriculture.
  • ‘Rooftop rain water harvesting’ was commonly practised to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan.
  • In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
  • In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan

• Workers are exploited in unorganized sectors.
• They are not give paid leave, holiday due to illness, gratuity etc.
• There is no fixed hours of working. If they work for extra time then also they get the same amount of money.
• There is no job security. they can be asked any time to leave without any reason.
• Many shopkeepers, casual workers etc work in this unorganised sector as they are uneducated and unskilled.

The reasons are:-

1. If we go on overexploiting the present resources, it is likely that they will get exhausted on near future. Example:- It is estimated that crude oil would finish after 43 years.
2. The ecological balance of the nature also gets affected. Example:- If the crude oil is overused, then problems like Global Warming will crop up.
3. The rich and powerful countries try to dominate over less influencial in usage of resources. That ‘s why US tries to secure dominance in Middle East countries. The goal get supplies of crude oil.

1. The creation of Linguistic States wasthe first and a major test for democraticpolitics in our country.:

Many old States have vanished andmany new States have been created.Areas, boundaries and names of theStates have been changed.In 1947, the boundaries of severalold States were changed inorder to create new States. This wasdone to ensure that people who spokethe same language lived in the sameState. Some States were created not onthe basis of language but to recognisedifferences based on culture, ethnicityor geography. These include States likeNagaland, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand.

2 . Language policy : A second test for Indian federation isthe language policy. Our Constitutiondid not give the status of nationallanguage to any one language. Hindi wasidentified as the official language. ButHindi is the mother tongue of onlyabout 40 per cent of Indians. Therefore,there were many safeguards to protectother languages. Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognised as Scheduled Languages Constitution

3 . Centre-State relations : restructuring the Centre – State relations is one more way in whichfederalism has been strengthened in practice. since 1990 , COALITION GOVTS were at theCentre. Since no single party got aclear majority in the Lok Sabha, themajor national parties had to enterinto an alliance with many partiesincluding several regional parties toform a government at the Centre .

Please refer NCERT

Two types of soil erosion observed in India are:

a.   Sheet erosion: Sheet erosion  is the result of excessive flowing of water resulting in the  removal of  top most layer of soil.
b.   Gullies erosion: Gully erosion is the result of accumulation of  runoff water which then  rapidly flows into narrow channels during or after heavy rainfall or melting snow,  considerably removing the soil cover.

 Human causes leading to soil erosion are – 
a.  Excessive use of   fertilisers, pesticides. Over grazing, deforestation .
b. Over irrigation increases the salt deposits in the soil .
 c. Mining-leaves deep scars and traces of over-burdening .
 d. Dumping of industrial effluents It effects the overall land under cultivation and in turn production. Excessive practise of shifting cultivation , even ploughing in the wrong manner causes soil erosion.

Access to books created a new culture of reading.

• Now books could reach out to wider sections of people.Even those who disagreed with established authorities could now print and circulate their ideas. Through the printed message, they could persuade people to think differently, and move them to action.
• Many journals began carrying writings by women, and explained why women should be educated. They also carried a syllabus and attached suitable reading matter which could be used for home-based schooling.
• novels had already created a great interest in womens lives and emotions, there was also an interest in what women would have to say about their own lives. In the early twentieth century, journals, written for and sometimes edited by women were popularised.
• Primary education became compulsory from the late nineteenth century, children became an important category of readers. Production of school textbooks became critical for the publishing industry. A childrens press, devoted to literature for children alone, was set up in France in 1857. This press published new works as well as old fairy tales and folk tales. The Grimm Brothers in Germany spent years compiling traditional folk tales gathered from peasants. They collected edited stories published in a collection in 1812. Anything that was considered unsuitable for children or would appear vulgar to the elites, was not included in the published version. Rural folk tales thus acquired a new form.

(i) Overcrowded city: Bombay was a crowded city. While every Londoner in the :840s enjoyed an average space of 155 square yards. Bombay had a mere 9.5 square yards. By 1872. when London had an average of 8 persons per house, the density in Bombay was as high as 20
(ii) Separate living areas for the natives and the white: The Bombay Fort area which formed the heart of the city in the early 1800s was divided between a ‘native’ town, where most of the indians lived, and a European or ‘while section. A European suburb and an industrial zone began to develop to the north of the Fort settlement area, with a similar suburb and cantonment in the south.
(iii) Living space for the rich: Like the European elite, the richer Parsi. Muslim and upper case traders and industrialists of Bombay lived in sprawling, spacious bungalows In contrast, more than 70 per cent of the working people lived in the thickly populated chawls of Bombay.
(iv) Life in chawls: More than 70 per cent of the working people lived in the thickly populated chawls of Bombay.
(v) Depressed classes and housing problem: People who belonged to the ‘depressed classes’ found it even more difficult to find housing. Lower castes were kept out of many chawls and often had to live in shelters made of corrugated sheets, leaves, or bamboo poles.

The statement says that irrespective of any region the consequences of environmental degradation spread not only to the area where it is degradation happens but also to the near lying areas and also at the world at large. Therefore, safeguarding the environment is an important issue not only for any particular region but for the whole world.

The measures of the Act 1956 introduced by Sinhalese Government made the Sri Lankan Tamils feel alienated.They felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhalese were sensitive to their language and culture.They also felt that the constitution and government policies denied them equal political rights, discriminate against them in getting jobs and other opportunities by ignoring their interest.

After independence of Sri lanka ….

Sinhalese took majoritarian measures. These are:

– Sinhala was made official language.

– Preference for Univrsity positions and govt. jobs were given to Sinhala applicants. and

– New contitution stipulated that state should protect and promote buddhism.

These measures made the feeling of alienation among sri lankan tamils..

 

pls check ncert and read the details.

Durgacharan Ray was a famous writer of 19th century Bengal. His work Debganer Martye Agaman is a satirical novel which discusses the situation of Calcutta during the early phases of industrialisation. The characters of this novel are the Gods Brahma, Vishnu and others who come to visit Calcutta.Calcutta has been referred to as the heaven due to the social and economic mobility it offers, however, this heaven is not worth living due to the vice of pollution.

 

Punjab is known for high agricultural growth but Kerala is known for human resource development. Despite having higher average income than Kerala, Punjab lags behind in health and education facilities. This is because:

1) Income , alone is not an indicator of development. It is material and for development, one needs to include non material aspects like health and education too.

2) Kerala was ruled by communist governments post independence. The governments gave high priority to equity and related social goals over time.

pls refer NCERT

It depends on the reaction of government on demands of different communities or groups.However it should be noted that in democracy it is healthy and normal to have political expression of social division.
Examples:In Belgium and Sri Lanka it is observed that if the rulers are willing to share some powers and accommodate  reasonable demands of the minority community, the problem of social divisions become less hostile for the country. But if in the name of national integration or unity such demands tried to be suppress, it resulted into threat for for the country.

CAUSES OF LAND DEGRADATION

• DEFORESTATION———–  removal of forest cover for various purposes causes rapid degradation of land
• OVER– GRAZING  ———  over grazing of animals leads to the removal of vegetation cover and causes soil erosion leading to land degradation gujarat, rajasthan , maharashtra are the states which are facing this problem
• OVER- IRRIGATION——— it is responsible for land degradation due to water lodging leading to increase  in salinity amd alkinity in the soil
• MINING AND QUARRIYING ——–  mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over burdening states like jharkhand M.P. orrissa , chattisgarh have faced deforestation due to mining that caused severe land degradation.
• MINERAL– PROCESSING—–   mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generates huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere when it settles down on the land it retards (prevent) the process of infiltration of water into the soil
• DUMPING OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE—–  dumping of industrial waste and effluents has become a major source of land and water pollution  in many parts of the country

Kharif Crop	Rabi Crop
They are sown between April and May.	They are sown between September and October.
They are harvested after monsoon rain.	They are harvested after winter.
Kharif crops are also known as monsoon crops.	Rabi crops are known as winter crops.
These crops are totally dependent upon rainfall.	These crops require irrigation.
The examples of kharif crops are rice, sunflower, sugarcane, soybean, tea etc.	The examples of rabi crops are wheat, gram, pea, mustard, barley etc.

1) For wealthy Britishers, there had been a London Season.Many cultural events were organised for elite families like opera, theatre programmes etc.

2) Working classes met in pubs where they shared news and views.

3) For common people, there were libraries, art galleries and museums in 19th century that provided them with sense of history and pride in achievements of Britishers.

4) Music halls wereavailable for lower classes and by the 20th century cinema was the greatest mass entertainment.

5) The trend of spending holidays on beaches increased among working classes.

 

The importance of local level governments are as follows:

a. To administer and govern a large country a large country like India, it is imperative that powers are divided between the central authority and provinces and the local bodies.

b. To give due recognition to country’s diverse population allowing diverse groups within the states to participate in the governance of the country.

c. People at the village level are best acquainted with local problems and can address them in a better way.

d. To ensure participation of the weaker section of the society.

e. To inculcate a sense of planning and better management of resources in the people at the grass root level.

f. The idea of local level governments is in tune with notion of democracy as it takes democracy at the village level.

1)  London in 19^th century had large number of migrants which include clerks, shopkeepers, skilled artisans, semi skilled workers like soldiers, casual labourers etc
 
2)  These work groups found jobs in industries such as dock yards, clothing sector, footwear industry, wood and furniture manufacturers, engineering works, printing, makers of surgical instruments, watches etc
 
3)  At the time of World War I London started producing motor cars and electrical goods which resulted in the increase of factories 

 

Money is not all that a human seeks. Along with it a secure and safe environment to live and survive is also important. All seek to live in a  pollution free area, with proper public facilities like schools, hospitals, parks etc. Not only this, the ambience of equality and freedom are important for the proper development of one self. Thus though money can earn ypu short-term happiness, it does ensure a sense of contentment and fulfillment.

Belgium	SriLanka
1 .They adopted a policy of power sharing. 2 . They gave equal powers to all communities.. minor or major doesn’t matter. 3 .It solved the problem.	1 .They adopted a policy of Majoritarionism. 2 . They gave preferences to the majority Sinhala group alone, disregarding the minorty. 3 . It only increased the problem.

Joint forest management is the concept of developing partnerships between the state forest departments and local communities that are dependent upon the forests for their requirements. The mechanism includes a village committee known as forest protection committee that enters into an agreement with the forest department. The village committee safeguards the forest resources from fire, grazing and illegal harvesting in return for non-timber products and revenue from timber products. Thus, it is dependent upon mutual trust and cooperation and has emerged as a form of sustainable forestry. The national JFM guidelines were issued in 1990 and 22 states are now implementing the programme.

Page 4 NCERT

Page 171 NCERT

Page 31 NCERT

 

{Per capita income – page 8 – economics last paragraph ncert

 

• Existence of Union and State Government- In the spirit of Federalism, there are two set of governing authority, in the Union and the in the states. For Example, the Central Government’s headquarter is in Delhi and that of Uttar Pradesh is in Lucknow.
• Division of Power- Power has been divided between the Union and the State governments by the Union, State and Concurrent lists. While, the Centre can make laws on the subjects entrusted in the Union list, State Government can make laws on the subjects stated in the State List. While both have the authority to deal with the matters in the Concurrent List.
• Constitution the Supreme Authority- Like in all Federations, the Constitution clearly lays down the distribution of power between the Union and the State.
• Bicameral Legislature- In the state there are two houses, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha . While the Lok Sabha has members who are directly elected by the citizens of the country, the Rajya Sabha has members who are indirectly elected.
• Separation of Powers- India has a three tier government, where powers are divided between the Legislature, Executive and the Judiciary

arious measures taken by the central and state governments from time to time, some of them are:

1. To begin with government took lead in providing various facilities on its own. In course of time different types of activities were entrusted to specific public agencies.

2. The government abolished the zamindari system. It was followed with the consolidation of small holdings to make them economically viable.

3. Another important input was the widespread use of radio and television for acquainting farmers in new and improved techniques of cultivation.

4. The crop insurance was another step to protect the farmers against losses caused by crop failure on account of natural calamities like drought, flood, hailstorm, cyclone, fire, diseases etc.

page 162 history

“while average income  is useful for comparison bot it may hide disparities” as

1. average income does not show the distribution of economy whether it is equitable or not

2. average income does not show any achievements

3. average income also does not give us the actual thing behind it

FEDERALISM is practiced in india by :

1. The creation of Linguistic States was the first and a major test for democratic politics in our country.: 

 Many old States have vanished and many new States have been created. Areas, boundaries and names of the States have been changed. In 1947, the boundaries of several old States  were changed in order to create new States. This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same State. Some States were created not on the basis of language but to recognise differences based on culture, ethnicityor geography. These include States like Nagaland, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand.

          2 .  Language policy :  A second test for Indian federation is the language policy. Our Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language. Hindi was identified as the official language. ButHindi is the mother tongue of only about 40 per cent of Indians. Therefore, there were many safeguards to protect other languages. Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognised as Scheduled Languages  Constitution

         3 . Centre-State relations : restructuring the Centre – State  relations is one more way in which federalism has been strengthened in practice .  since 1990 , COALITION GOVTS were at the Centre. Since no single party got a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, the major national parties had to enter into an alliance with many parties including several regional parties to form a government at the Centre .

page 2 geography ncert On the basis of ownership – individual,
community, national and international

a. Most of the farmers are dependent on monsoons and natural fertility for growth of crops. For modernization government needs to focus on this and create necessary infrastructure like irrigation facilities, electricity etc.

b. Farmers with small plots of land or landless and lack adequate capital to develop they require protection and support from the Government..

c . Agricultural Sector experiences under employment where there are more people employed in the land than actually required. It witnesses disguised underemployment where more people are working but are made to work less than their actual potential. Government needs to create more opportunities.

d. To ensure  Food Security, which ensures availability of food grains to common people at affordable price.

e.In an effort to increase agriculture’s share to the national economy concerted efforts have to be made to  modernize it

Factories employed large numbers of women in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries..With technological developments, women gradually lost their industrial jobs, and were forced to work within households. The social workers believed that family as an institution was breaking down in London because the women were getting economic independence. The suggestion they made was to push the women back into domestic arena. A large number of women used their homes to increase family income by taking in lodgers or through such activities as tailoring, washing or matchbox making. However, there was a change once again in the twentieth century. As women got employment in wartime industries and offices, they withdrew from domestic service.

page 36 civics ncert – example of yugoslavia

The focus on caste and politics sometimes give an impression that elections are all about
castes and nothing. But this is not true because of the following reasons:-a.) No parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear majority of one single caste. So
every candidate and party needs to win the confidence of more than one caste or community to
win elections.
b.) No party wins the votes of all voters of caste or community. When people say that a caste is a
‘vote bank’ of one party, it means that a large proportion of voters from that caste vote for that
party.
c.) Many political parties may put up candidates from some caste (if that caste is believed to
dominate the elections, in a particular constituency) some voters have more than one candidate
from their caste while many voters have no candidate from their caste.
d.) The ruling party and the sitting M.P or M.L.A frequently loses elections in our country. This
could not have happened if all the castes and communities were frozen in their political
preferences.

a. Bamboo drip irrigation has been practised extensively in the state of Meghalaya, whereby the farmers use bamboo pipes to tap stream and spring water.
b. It has been practised for the past 200 years in the region.
c. Here  the water the from the uphill perennial springs  is tapped, diverted  and is brought to the plants through a bamboo pipe.
d.  The water here is diverted through many channels before it reaches the main plant.

page 40 ncert